Rapid Review

• Triple constraint: scope, time, and cost interact, with quality shaped by all three.

• Life cycle: initiation $\rightarrow$ planning $\rightarrow$ execution $\leftrightarrow$ monitoring/control $\rightarrow$ closure.

• WBS: hierarchical decomposition of total deliverable scope; charter: formally authorizes the project.

• CPM: forward pass, backward pass, float, and continuous zero-float critical path; the longest valid path sets minimum duration.

• PERT: $t_e=(t_o+4t_m+t_p)/6$ and $\sigma^2=[(t_p-t_o)/6]^2$; path-level probability assumptions matter.

• Resource smoothing remains within float; leveling may extend the project.

• EVM: $CV=EV-AC$, $SV=EV-PV$, $CPI=EV/AC$, and $SPI=EV/PV$. An index below one is unfavorable.

• BATNA: best alternative if negotiation fails; never accept a deal worse than the applicable reservation point.

• Monitoring continuously tracks delivery; evaluation periodically judges relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, and impact.

• TQM: customer focus, employee involvement, process thinking, evidence, integration, leadership, and continuous improvement.

• PDCA: plan $\rightarrow$ do $\rightarrow$ check $\rightarrow$ act; DMAIC: define $\rightarrow$ measure $\rightarrow$ analyze $\rightarrow$ improve $\rightarrow$ control.

• ISO 9001: a requirements standard for a quality management system, built around seven quality-management principles.

Tip

Exam Focus — Calculation checklist

Carry units through each CPM, PERT, and EVM step; state the sign or threshold rule; and finish with a managerial interpretation rather than stopping at a number.